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Ethical Duties Should Usurp Ordinary Injustice
I was disappointed in reviewer Leonard Becker’s perceived attitude of acceptance, or resignation, with regard to the failings of defense lawyers, prosecutors, and judges in the administration of criminal justice as described in his review of Amy Bach’s Ordinary Injustice: How America Holds Court, which appeared in the December 2009 issue of Washington Lawyer. For more than 40 years, every authoritative study has described the criminal justice system as being in a state of crisis.

I would have expected Becker, former District of Columbia bar counsel, to insist that all of the participants respect their ethical obligations. These include refusing to proceed with prosecuting, defending, and adjudicating when to do so requires lawyers and judges to violate their ethical duties as well as the constitutional rights of those who are accused.

Acting like professionals would, at the least, maintain the ethical and constitutional values we proclaim in Law Day addresses and after-dinner bar speeches, but that we have been satisfied to ignore in practice.

In addition, as Becker recognizes, “the criminal justice system would collapse.” So much the better. The administration of justice has long been in a state of collapse—a fact that we lawyers and judges have been covering up by maintaining a pretense of ethical conduct and due process of law. As a Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court justice once told me, the only way to force real reform is to bring down the system. Nothing short of that will command the attention of the media, the public, and public officials as well as force the allocation of resources that are necessary if we are to live up to our professional and constitutional claims.

—Monroe H. Freedman
Hofstra University Law Professor
Georgetown Law Center Visiting Professor

Jacob and Milton: Two Men, One Lasting Impression
At about 6:30 a.m., as I thumbed through the November 2009 issue of Washington Lawyer, I settled on “President Roosevelt Takes a Ride Up 5th Street,” another piece in the mountain of evidence that Jake Stein is a treasure, our treasure, my treasure.

In this lovely story, Jake introduces Milton S. Kronheim. In 1952, when I was 11 years old, my father took me to 16th and Kennedy streets to meet Milt and see “his” ballgame. It turned out that on that Sunday morning, a Washington Post photographer named Charles Del Vecchio took a picture of all of the assembled ballplayers, and Milt told my father to get himself and me into the picture, which soon ran in the paper with a long article about Milt and the game that would never end, so long as he was around.

At his V Street plant, that picture was among the hundreds that hung on the wall leading to the dining room where, on Thursdays, Washington’s bigwigs would assemble for lunch. Milt let me attend on a few occasions, and I dined and conversed with the Red Auerbachs, the Dave Bazelons, and the Bill Douglases of that era. Law, per se, was not discussed, and certainly not cases, but issues and sports were another matter. Food, wisdom, and wit were plentiful. No one needed to say what was implicit—that what was said there stayed there.

Milt got me into the game that Sunday as a pinch runner, and I showed up for just about every game thereafter, at first riding my bike from my home on 30th Place, down Military Road and, depending on how I felt, either up Snake Hill right into the ballfields at Carter Barron Ampitheatre or up Missouri Avenue and down 16th to Kennedy Street. I loved to bike and then fly over the hump that separated the fields from the sidewalk.

When I became a “regular,” I always played on the team opposing Kronheim’s. That “good local pitcher” that
Jake referred to in his November article was Aaron Silverman, who pitched in the minor leagues. There were other minor leaguers in the game, along with at least one player, a left fielder, who played in the major leagues for a short while.

Milton and Jake typify an era that has gone with the wind. Jake has the stories; he, too, is my friend. I soon will be gone and my hope is that during the lives of my children, there will be a Jake Stein for them to treasure. He and his stories are like magnets that pull us back to feelings and thoughts that, like a walk in the woods, burrow through our hard crust and force us to recall that we are, most importantly, simply people on a ride in space—a short ride—looking for and sometimes attaining friendship and love.

Thank God for Jake.

—Julian Tepper
Placitas, New Mexico

A Hypothetical Rooted in Reality
In response to the December 2009 cover story “The Future of Affirmative Action,” here are two hypothetical test questions that illustrate the fairness and wisdom of current laws barring the use of tests to deny employment or educational opportunities.

Question One: A deuce-and-a-quarter is:

A. A model of a Buick car
B. $2.25
C. $225
D. A tennis term
E. None of the above

The correct answer is A.

This question, if asked during the 1970s and 1980s, was far more likely to be answered correctly by a black rather than a white candidate. Similarly, if asked on an examination today, it is more likely that the answer will be known to a middle-aged black person than any younger person.

Question Two: The winner of the 2008 World Series was:

A. Philadelphia Phillies
B. New York Yankees
C. Boston Red Sox
D. Chicago White Sox
E. None of the above

The correct answer is A.

Of course, there are female baseball fans who are as passionate about the game as any male fan. But it probably can be established that this question would have a disproportionate adverse impact on female job applicants.

If these questions have a disproportionate effect on white, young, or female candidates, and the questions are not predictive of successful job or academic performance, they do not belong on the examination. And examinations containing such questions should not be used because they create artificial barriers to equal opportunity based on race, gender, and age.

There is another point to be made: The purpose of any test is to identify persons likely to succeed on the job or in the classroom. If my client took and failed a firefighter test given, for example, in New Haven, Connecticut, but he or she had been highly rated as a firefighter in previous employment in, for example, New York City, each test question must be vetted to determine whether it is predictive of successful job performance in New Haven. Indeed, I would think New Haven would insist upon this since its objective is to identify and hire highly qualified firefighters.

—Melvyn R. Leventhal
New York, New York

Supreme Court Ruling Warrants Clarification
Your article on affirmative action may mislead readers on the extent to which Congress in 1991 overturned the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1989 decision in Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio.

Congress reversed the Court only insofar as the burden of proving a business justification for a selection device with a “disparate impact” now placed on the employer; it is disputed whether the legislation changes the Court’s definition of such a business justification and, if so, how.

—Roger B. Clegg
President and General Counsel
Center for Equal Opportunity

Let Us Hear From You
Washington Lawyer welcomes your letters. Submissions should be directed to Washington Lawyer, District of Columbia Bar, 1101 K Street NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20005-4210. Submissions are also accepted by fax at 202-626-3471 or by e-mail at communications@dcbar.org. Letters may be edited for clarity and space.

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